range.c

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/**********************************************************************

  range.c -

  $Author: marcandre $
  created at: Thu Aug 19 17:46:47 JST 1993

  Copyright (C) 1993-2007 Yukihiro Matsumoto

**********************************************************************/

#include "ruby/ruby.h"
#include "ruby/encoding.h"

VALUE rb_cRange;
static ID id_cmp, id_succ, id_beg, id_end, id_excl;

extern VALUE rb_struct_init_copy(VALUE copy, VALUE s);

#define RANGE_BEG(r) (RSTRUCT(r)->as.ary[0])
#define RANGE_END(r) (RSTRUCT(r)->as.ary[1])
#define RANGE_EXCL(r) (RSTRUCT(r)->as.ary[2])

#define EXCL(r) RTEST(RANGE_EXCL(r))
#define SET_EXCL(r,v) (RSTRUCT(r)->as.ary[2] = (v) ? Qtrue : Qfalse)

static VALUE
range_failed(void)
{
    rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "bad value for range");
    return Qnil;                /* dummy */
}

static VALUE
range_check(VALUE *args)
{
    return rb_funcall(args[0], id_cmp, 1, args[1]);
}

static void
range_init(VALUE range, VALUE beg, VALUE end, int exclude_end)
{
    VALUE args[2];

    args[0] = beg;
    args[1] = end;

    if (!FIXNUM_P(beg) || !FIXNUM_P(end)) {
        VALUE v;

        v = rb_rescue(range_check, (VALUE)args, range_failed, 0);
        if (NIL_P(v))
            range_failed();
    }

    SET_EXCL(range, exclude_end);
    RSTRUCT(range)->as.ary[0] = beg;
    RSTRUCT(range)->as.ary[1] = end;
}

VALUE
rb_range_new(VALUE beg, VALUE end, int exclude_end)
{
    VALUE range = rb_obj_alloc(rb_cRange);

    range_init(range, beg, end, exclude_end);
    return range;
}

/*
 *  call-seq:
 *     Range.new(start, end, exclusive=false)    -> range
 *
 *  Constructs a range using the given <i>start</i> and <i>end</i>. If the third
 *  parameter is omitted or is <code>false</code>, the <i>range</i> will include
 *  the end object; otherwise, it will be excluded.
 */

static VALUE
range_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE range)
{
    VALUE beg, end, flags;

    rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "21", &beg, &end, &flags);
    /* Ranges are immutable, so that they should be initialized only once. */
    if (RANGE_EXCL(range) != Qnil) {
        rb_name_error(rb_intern("initialize"), "`initialize' called twice");
    }
    range_init(range, beg, end, RTEST(flags));
    return Qnil;
}

#define range_initialize_copy rb_struct_init_copy /* :nodoc: */

/*
 *  call-seq:
 *     rng.exclude_end?    -> true or false
 *
 *  Returns <code>true</code> if <i>rng</i> excludes its end value.
 */

static VALUE
range_exclude_end_p(VALUE range)
{
    return EXCL(range) ? Qtrue : Qfalse;
}

static VALUE
recursive_equal(VALUE range, VALUE obj, int recur)
{
    if (recur) return Qtrue; /* Subtle! */
    if (!rb_equal(RANGE_BEG(range), RANGE_BEG(obj)))
        return Qfalse;
    if (!rb_equal(RANGE_END(range), RANGE_END(obj)))
        return Qfalse;

    if (EXCL(range) != EXCL(obj))
        return Qfalse;
    return Qtrue;
}


/*
 *  call-seq:
 *     rng == obj    -> true or false
 *
 *  Returns <code>true</code> only if <i>obj</i> is a Range, has equivalent
 *  beginning and end items (by comparing them with <code>==</code>), and has
 *  the same <code>exclude_end?</code> setting as <i>rng</i>.
 *
 *    (0..2) == (0..2)            #=> true
 *    (0..2) == Range.new(0,2)    #=> true
 *    (0..2) == (0...2)           #=> false
 *
 */

static VALUE
range_eq(VALUE range, VALUE obj)
{
    if (range == obj)
        return Qtrue;
    if (!rb_obj_is_kind_of(obj, rb_cRange))
        return Qfalse;

    return rb_exec_recursive_paired(recursive_equal, range, obj, obj);
}

static int
r_lt(VALUE a, VALUE b)
{
    VALUE r = rb_funcall(a, id_cmp, 1, b);

    if (NIL_P(r))
        return (int)Qfalse;
    if (rb_cmpint(r, a, b) < 0)
        return (int)Qtrue;
    return (int)Qfalse;
}

static int
r_le(VALUE a, VALUE b)
{
    int c;
    VALUE r = rb_funcall(a, id_cmp, 1, b);

    if (NIL_P(r))
        return (int)Qfalse;
    c = rb_cmpint(r, a, b);
    if (c == 0)
        return (int)INT2FIX(0);
    if (c < 0)
        return (int)Qtrue;
    return (int)Qfalse;
}


static VALUE
recursive_eql(VALUE range, VALUE obj, int recur)
{
    if (recur) return Qtrue; /* Subtle! */
    if (!rb_eql(RANGE_BEG(range), RANGE_BEG(obj)))
        return Qfalse;
    if (!rb_eql(RANGE_END(range), RANGE_END(obj)))
        return Qfalse;

    if (EXCL(range) != EXCL(obj))
        return Qfalse;
    return Qtrue;
}

/*
 *  call-seq:
 *     rng.eql?(obj)    -> true or false
 *
 *  Returns <code>true</code> only if <i>obj</i> is a Range, has equivalent
 *  beginning and end items (by comparing them with #eql?), and has the same
 *  #exclude_end? setting as <i>rng</i>.
 *
 *    (0..2).eql?(0..2)            #=> true
 *    (0..2).eql?(Range.new(0,2))  #=> true
 *    (0..2).eql?(0...2)           #=> false
 *
 */

static VALUE
range_eql(VALUE range, VALUE obj)
{
    if (range == obj)
        return Qtrue;
    if (!rb_obj_is_kind_of(obj, rb_cRange))
        return Qfalse;
    return rb_exec_recursive_paired(recursive_eql, range, obj, obj);
}

static VALUE
recursive_hash(VALUE range, VALUE dummy, int recur)
{
    st_index_t hash = EXCL(range);
    VALUE v;

    hash = rb_hash_start(hash);
    if (!recur) {
        v = rb_hash(RANGE_BEG(range));
        hash = rb_hash_uint(hash, NUM2LONG(v));
        v = rb_hash(RANGE_END(range));
        hash = rb_hash_uint(hash, NUM2LONG(v));
    }
    hash = rb_hash_uint(hash, EXCL(range) << 24);
    hash = rb_hash_end(hash);

    return LONG2FIX(hash);
}

/*
 * call-seq:
 *   rng.hash    -> fixnum
 *
 * Generate a hash value such that two ranges with the same start and
 * end points, and the same value for the "exclude end" flag, generate
 * the same hash value.
 */

static VALUE
range_hash(VALUE range)
{
    return rb_exec_recursive_outer(recursive_hash, range, 0);
}

static void
range_each_func(VALUE range, VALUE (*func) (VALUE, void *), void *arg)
{
    int c;
    VALUE b = RANGE_BEG(range);
    VALUE e = RANGE_END(range);
    VALUE v = b;

    if (EXCL(range)) {
        while (r_lt(v, e)) {
            (*func) (v, arg);
            v = rb_funcall(v, id_succ, 0, 0);
        }
    }
    else {
        while ((c = r_le(v, e)) != Qfalse) {
            (*func) (v, arg);
            if (c == (int)INT2FIX(0))
                break;
            v = rb_funcall(v, id_succ, 0, 0);
        }
    }
}

static VALUE
sym_step_i(VALUE i, void *arg)
{
    VALUE *iter = arg;

    if (FIXNUM_P(iter[0])) {
        iter[0] -= INT2FIX(1) & ~FIXNUM_FLAG;
    }
    else {
        iter[0] = rb_funcall(iter[0], '-', 1, INT2FIX(1));
    }
    if (iter[0] == INT2FIX(0)) {
        rb_yield(rb_str_intern(i));
        iter[0] = iter[1];
    }
    return Qnil;
}

static VALUE
step_i(VALUE i, void *arg)
{
    VALUE *iter = arg;

    if (FIXNUM_P(iter[0])) {
        iter[0] -= INT2FIX(1) & ~FIXNUM_FLAG;
    }
    else {
        iter[0] = rb_funcall(iter[0], '-', 1, INT2FIX(1));
    }
    if (iter[0] == INT2FIX(0)) {
        rb_yield(i);
        iter[0] = iter[1];
    }
    return Qnil;
}

extern int ruby_float_step(VALUE from, VALUE to, VALUE step, int excl);

static int
discrete_object_p(VALUE obj)
{
    if (rb_obj_is_kind_of(obj, rb_cTime)) return FALSE; /* until Time#succ removed */
    return rb_respond_to(obj, id_succ);
}


/*
 *  call-seq:
 *     rng.step(n=1) {| obj | block }    -> rng
 *     rng.step(n=1)                     -> an_enumerator
 *
 *  Iterates over <i>rng</i>, passing each <i>n</i>th element to the block. If
 *  the range contains numbers, <i>n</i> is added for each iteration.  Otherwise
 *  <code>step</code> invokes <code>succ</code> to iterate through range
 *  elements. The following code uses class <code>Xs</code>, which is defined
 *  in the class-level documentation.
 *
 *  If no block is given, an enumerator is returned instead.
 *
 *     range = Xs.new(1)..Xs.new(10)
 *     range.step(2) {|x| puts x}
 *     range.step(3) {|x| puts x}
 *
 *  <em>produces:</em>
 *
 *      1 x
 *      3 xxx
 *      5 xxxxx
 *      7 xxxxxxx
 *      9 xxxxxxxxx
 *      1 x
 *      4 xxxx
 *      7 xxxxxxx
 *     10 xxxxxxxxxx
 */


static VALUE
range_step(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE range)
{
    VALUE b, e, step, tmp;

    RETURN_ENUMERATOR(range, argc, argv);

    b = RANGE_BEG(range);
    e = RANGE_END(range);
    if (argc == 0) {
        step = INT2FIX(1);
    }
    else {
        rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "01", &step);
        if (!rb_obj_is_kind_of(step, rb_cNumeric)) {
            step = rb_to_int(step);
        }
        if (rb_funcall(step, '<', 1, INT2FIX(0))) {
            rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "step can't be negative");
        }
        else if (!rb_funcall(step, '>', 1, INT2FIX(0))) {
            rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "step can't be 0");
        }
    }

    if (FIXNUM_P(b) && FIXNUM_P(e) && FIXNUM_P(step)) { /* fixnums are special */
        long end = FIX2LONG(e);
        long i, unit = FIX2LONG(step);

        if (!EXCL(range))
            end += 1;
        i = FIX2LONG(b);
        while (i < end) {
            rb_yield(LONG2NUM(i));
            if (i + unit < i) break;
            i += unit;
        }

    }
    else if (SYMBOL_P(b) && SYMBOL_P(e)) { /* symbols are special */
        VALUE args[2], iter[2];

        args[0] = rb_sym_to_s(e);
        args[1] = EXCL(range) ? Qtrue : Qfalse;
        iter[0] = INT2FIX(1);
        iter[1] = step;
        rb_block_call(rb_sym_to_s(b), rb_intern("upto"), 2, args, sym_step_i, (VALUE)iter);
    }
    else if (ruby_float_step(b, e, step, EXCL(range))) {
        /* done */
    }
    else if (rb_obj_is_kind_of(b, rb_cNumeric) ||
             !NIL_P(rb_check_to_integer(b, "to_int")) ||
             !NIL_P(rb_check_to_integer(e, "to_int"))) {
        ID op = EXCL(range) ? '<' : rb_intern("<=");
        VALUE v = b;
        int i = 0;

        while (RTEST(rb_funcall(v, op, 1, e))) {
            rb_yield(v);
            i++;
            v = rb_funcall(b, '+', 1, rb_funcall(INT2NUM(i), '*', 1, step));
        }
    }
    else {
        tmp = rb_check_string_type(b);

        if (!NIL_P(tmp)) {
            VALUE args[2], iter[2];

            b = tmp;
            args[0] = e;
            args[1] = EXCL(range) ? Qtrue : Qfalse;
            iter[0] = INT2FIX(1);
            iter[1] = step;
            rb_block_call(b, rb_intern("upto"), 2, args, step_i, (VALUE)iter);
        }
        else {
            VALUE args[2];

            if (!discrete_object_p(b)) {
                rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "can't iterate from %s",
                         rb_obj_classname(b));
            }
            args[0] = INT2FIX(1);
            args[1] = step;
            range_each_func(range, step_i, args);
        }
    }
    return range;
}

static VALUE
each_i(VALUE v, void *arg)
{
    rb_yield(v);
    return Qnil;
}

static VALUE
sym_each_i(VALUE v, void *arg)
{
    rb_yield(rb_str_intern(v));
    return Qnil;
}

/*
 *  call-seq:
 *     rng.each {| i | block } -> rng
 *     rng.each                -> an_enumerator
 *
 *  Iterates over the elements <i>rng</i>, passing each in turn to the
 *  block. You can only iterate if the start object of the range
 *  supports the +succ+ method (which means that you can't iterate over
 *  ranges of +Float+ objects).
 *
 *  If no block is given, an enumerator is returned instead.
 *
 *     (10..15).each do |n|
 *        print n, ' '
 *     end
 *
 *  <em>produces:</em>
 *
 *     10 11 12 13 14 15
 */

static VALUE
range_each(VALUE range)
{
    VALUE beg, end;

    RETURN_ENUMERATOR(range, 0, 0);

    beg = RANGE_BEG(range);
    end = RANGE_END(range);

    if (FIXNUM_P(beg) && FIXNUM_P(end)) { /* fixnums are special */
        long lim = FIX2LONG(end);
        long i;

        if (!EXCL(range))
            lim += 1;
        for (i = FIX2LONG(beg); i < lim; i++) {
            rb_yield(LONG2FIX(i));
        }
    }
    else if (SYMBOL_P(beg) && SYMBOL_P(end)) { /* symbols are special */
        VALUE args[2];

        args[0] = rb_sym_to_s(end);
        args[1] = EXCL(range) ? Qtrue : Qfalse;
        rb_block_call(rb_sym_to_s(beg), rb_intern("upto"), 2, args, sym_each_i, 0);
    }
    else {
        VALUE tmp = rb_check_string_type(beg);

        if (!NIL_P(tmp)) {
            VALUE args[2];

            args[0] = end;
            args[1] = EXCL(range) ? Qtrue : Qfalse;
            rb_block_call(tmp, rb_intern("upto"), 2, args, rb_yield, 0);
        }
        else {
            if (!discrete_object_p(beg)) {
                rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "can't iterate from %s",
                         rb_obj_classname(beg));
            }
            range_each_func(range, each_i, NULL);
        }
    }
    return range;
}

/*
 *  call-seq:
 *     rng.begin    -> obj
 *
 *  Returns the first object in <i>rng</i>.
 */

static VALUE
range_begin(VALUE range)
{
    return RANGE_BEG(range);
}


/*
 *  call-seq:
 *     rng.end    -> obj
 *
 *  Returns the object that defines the end of <i>rng</i>.
 *
 *     (1..10).end    #=> 10
 *     (1...10).end   #=> 10
 */


static VALUE
range_end(VALUE range)
{
    return RANGE_END(range);
}


static VALUE
first_i(VALUE i, VALUE *ary)
{
    long n = NUM2LONG(ary[0]);

    if (n <= 0) {
        rb_iter_break();
    }
    rb_ary_push(ary[1], i);
    n--;
    ary[0] = INT2NUM(n);
    return Qnil;
}

/*
 *  call-seq:
 *     rng.first    -> obj
 *     rng.first(n) -> an_array
 *
 *  Returns the first object in <i>rng</i>, or the first +n+ elements.
 */

static VALUE
range_first(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE range)
{
    VALUE n, ary[2];

    if (argc == 0) return RANGE_BEG(range);

    rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "1", &n);
    ary[0] = n;
    ary[1] = rb_ary_new2(NUM2LONG(n));
    rb_block_call(range, rb_intern("each"), 0, 0, first_i, (VALUE)ary);

    return ary[1];
}


/*
 *  call-seq:
 *     rng.last    -> obj
 *     rng.last(n) -> an_array
 *
 *  Returns the last object in <i>rng</i>, or the last +n+ elements.
 */

static VALUE
range_last(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE range)
{
    VALUE rb_ary_last(int, VALUE *, VALUE);

    if (argc == 0) return RANGE_END(range);
    return rb_ary_last(argc, argv, rb_Array(range));
}


/*
 *  call-seq:
 *     rng.min                    -> obj
 *     rng.min {| a,b | block }   -> obj
 *
 *  Returns the minimum value in <i>rng</i>. The second uses
 *  the block to compare values.  Returns nil if the first
 *  value in range is larger than the last value.
 *
 */


static VALUE
range_min(VALUE range)
{
    if (rb_block_given_p()) {
        return rb_call_super(0, 0);
    }
    else {
        VALUE b = RANGE_BEG(range);
        VALUE e = RANGE_END(range);
        int c = rb_cmpint(rb_funcall(b, id_cmp, 1, e), b, e);

        if (c > 0 || (c == 0 && EXCL(range)))
            return Qnil;
        return b;
    }
}

/*
 *  call-seq:
 *     rng.max                    -> obj
 *     rng.max {| a,b | block }   -> obj
 *
 *  Returns the maximum value in <i>rng</i>. The second uses
 *  the block to compare values.  Returns nil if the first
 *  value in range is larger than the last value.
 *
 */

static VALUE
range_max(VALUE range)
{
    VALUE e = RANGE_END(range);
    int nm = FIXNUM_P(e) || rb_obj_is_kind_of(e, rb_cNumeric);

    if (rb_block_given_p() || (EXCL(range) && !nm)) {
        return rb_call_super(0, 0);
    }
    else {
        VALUE b = RANGE_BEG(range);
        int c = rb_cmpint(rb_funcall(b, id_cmp, 1, e), b, e);

        if (c > 0)
            return Qnil;
        if (EXCL(range)) {
            if (!FIXNUM_P(e) && !rb_obj_is_kind_of(e, rb_cInteger)) {
                rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "cannot exclude non Integer end value");
            }
            if (c == 0) return Qnil;
            if (FIXNUM_P(e)) {
                return LONG2NUM(FIX2LONG(e) - 1);
            }
            return rb_funcall(e, '-', 1, INT2FIX(1));
        }
        return e;
    }
}

int
rb_range_values(VALUE range, VALUE *begp, VALUE *endp, int *exclp)
{
    VALUE b, e;
    int excl;

    if (rb_obj_is_kind_of(range, rb_cRange)) {
        b = RANGE_BEG(range);
        e = RANGE_END(range);
        excl = EXCL(range);
    }
    else {
        if (!rb_respond_to(range, id_beg)) return (int)Qfalse;
        if (!rb_respond_to(range, id_end)) return (int)Qfalse;
        b = rb_funcall(range, id_beg, 0);
        e = rb_funcall(range, id_end, 0);
        excl = RTEST(rb_funcall(range, rb_intern("exclude_end?"), 0));
    }
    *begp = b;
    *endp = e;
    *exclp = excl;
    return (int)Qtrue;
}

VALUE
rb_range_beg_len(VALUE range, long *begp, long *lenp, long len, int err)
{
    long beg, end, origbeg, origend;
    VALUE b, e;
    int excl;

    if (!rb_range_values(range, &b, &e, &excl))
        return Qfalse;
    beg = NUM2LONG(b);
    end = NUM2LONG(e);
    origbeg = beg;
    origend = end;
    if (beg < 0) {
        beg += len;
        if (beg < 0)
            goto out_of_range;
    }
    if (err == 0 || err == 2) {
        if (beg > len)
            goto out_of_range;
        if (end > len)
            end = len;
    }
    if (end < 0)
        end += len;
    if (!excl)
        end++;                  /* include end point */
    len = end - beg;
    if (len < 0)
        len = 0;

    *begp = beg;
    *lenp = len;
    return Qtrue;

  out_of_range:
    if (err) {
        rb_raise(rb_eRangeError, "%ld..%s%ld out of range",
                 origbeg, excl ? "." : "", origend);
    }
    return Qnil;
}

/*
 * call-seq:
 *   rng.to_s   -> string
 *
 * Convert this range object to a printable form.
 */

static VALUE
range_to_s(VALUE range)
{
    VALUE str, str2;

    str = rb_obj_as_string(RANGE_BEG(range));
    str2 = rb_obj_as_string(RANGE_END(range));
    str = rb_str_dup(str);
    rb_str_cat(str, "...", EXCL(range) ? 3 : 2);
    rb_str_append(str, str2);
    OBJ_INFECT(str, str2);

    return str;
}

static VALUE
inspect_range(VALUE range, VALUE dummy, int recur)
{
    VALUE str, str2;

    if (recur) {
        return rb_str_new2(EXCL(range) ? "(... ... ...)" : "(... .. ...)");
    }
    str = rb_inspect(RANGE_BEG(range));
    str2 = rb_inspect(RANGE_END(range));
    str = rb_str_dup(str);
    rb_str_cat(str, "...", EXCL(range) ? 3 : 2);
    rb_str_append(str, str2);
    OBJ_INFECT(str, str2);

    return str;
}

/*
 * call-seq:
 *   rng.inspect  -> string
 *
 * Convert this range object to a printable form (using
 * <code>inspect</code> to convert the start and end
 * objects).
 */


static VALUE
range_inspect(VALUE range)
{
    return rb_exec_recursive(inspect_range, range, 0);
}

/*
 *  call-seq:
 *     rng === obj       ->  true or false
 *
 *  Returns <code>true</code> if <i>obj</i> is an element of
 *  <i>rng</i>, <code>false</code> otherwise. Conveniently,
 *  <code>===</code> is the comparison operator used by
 *  <code>case</code> statements.
 *
 *     case 79
 *     when 1..50   then   print "low\n"
 *     when 51..75  then   print "medium\n"
 *     when 76..100 then   print "high\n"
 *     end
 *
 *  <em>produces:</em>
 *
 *     high
 */

static VALUE
range_eqq(VALUE range, VALUE val)
{
    return rb_funcall(range, rb_intern("include?"), 1, val);
}


/*
 *  call-seq:
 *     rng.member?(val)  ->  true or false
 *     rng.include?(val) ->  true or false
 *
 *  Returns <code>true</code> if <i>obj</i> is an element of
 *  <i>rng</i>, <code>false</code> otherwise.  If beg and end are
 *  numeric, comparison is done according magnitude of values.
 *
 *     ("a".."z").include?("g")  # -> true
 *     ("a".."z").include?("A")  # -> false
 */

static VALUE
range_include(VALUE range, VALUE val)
{
    VALUE beg = RANGE_BEG(range);
    VALUE end = RANGE_END(range);
    int nv = FIXNUM_P(beg) || FIXNUM_P(end) ||
             rb_obj_is_kind_of(beg, rb_cNumeric) ||
             rb_obj_is_kind_of(end, rb_cNumeric);

    if (nv ||
        !NIL_P(rb_check_to_integer(beg, "to_int")) ||
        !NIL_P(rb_check_to_integer(end, "to_int"))) {
        if (r_le(beg, val)) {
            if (EXCL(range)) {
                if (r_lt(val, end))
                    return Qtrue;
            }
            else {
                if (r_le(val, end))
                    return Qtrue;
            }
        }
        return Qfalse;
    }
    else if (TYPE(beg) == T_STRING && TYPE(end) == T_STRING &&
             RSTRING_LEN(beg) == 1 && RSTRING_LEN(end) == 1) {
        if (NIL_P(val)) return Qfalse;
        if (TYPE(val) == T_STRING) {
            if (RSTRING_LEN(val) == 0 || RSTRING_LEN(val) > 1)
                return Qfalse;
            else {
                char b = RSTRING_PTR(beg)[0];
                char e = RSTRING_PTR(end)[0];
                char v = RSTRING_PTR(val)[0];

                if (ISASCII(b) && ISASCII(e) && ISASCII(v)) {
                    if (b <= v && v < e) return Qtrue;
                    if (!EXCL(range) && v == e) return Qtrue;
                    return Qfalse;
                }
            }
        }
    }
    /* TODO: ruby_frame->this_func = rb_intern("include?"); */
    return rb_call_super(1, &val);
}


/*
 *  call-seq:
 *     rng.cover?(val)  ->  true or false
 *
 *  Returns <code>true</code> if <i>obj</i> is between beg and end,
 *  i.e <code>beg <= obj <= end</code> (or <i>end</i> exclusive when
 *  <code>exclude_end?</code> is true).
 *
 *     ("a".."z").cover?("c")    #=> true
 *     ("a".."z").cover?("5")    #=> false
 */

static VALUE
range_cover(VALUE range, VALUE val)
{
    VALUE beg, end;

    beg = RANGE_BEG(range);
    end = RANGE_END(range);
    if (r_le(beg, val)) {
        if (EXCL(range)) {
            if (r_lt(val, end))
                return Qtrue;
        }
        else {
            if (r_le(val, end))
                return Qtrue;
        }
    }
    return Qfalse;
}

static VALUE
range_dumper(VALUE range)
{
    VALUE v;
    NEWOBJ(m, struct RObject);
    OBJSETUP(m, rb_cObject, T_OBJECT);

    v = (VALUE)m;

    rb_ivar_set(v, id_excl, RANGE_EXCL(range));
    rb_ivar_set(v, id_beg, RANGE_BEG(range));
    rb_ivar_set(v, id_end, RANGE_END(range));
    return v;
}

static VALUE
range_loader(VALUE range, VALUE obj)
{
    if (TYPE(obj) != T_OBJECT || RBASIC(obj)->klass != rb_cObject) {
        rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "not a dumped range object");
    }

    RSTRUCT(range)->as.ary[0] = rb_ivar_get(obj, id_beg);
    RSTRUCT(range)->as.ary[1] = rb_ivar_get(obj, id_end);
    RSTRUCT(range)->as.ary[2] = rb_ivar_get(obj, id_excl);
    return range;
}

static VALUE
range_alloc(VALUE klass)
{
  /* rb_struct_alloc_noinit itself should not be used because
   * rb_marshal_define_compat uses equality of allocaiton function */
    return rb_struct_alloc_noinit(klass);
}

/*  A <code>Range</code> represents an interval---a set of values with a
 *  start and an end. Ranges may be constructed using the
 *  <em>s</em><code>..</code><em>e</em> and
 *  <em>s</em><code>...</code><em>e</em> literals, or with
 *  <code>Range::new</code>. Ranges constructed using <code>..</code>
 *  run from the start to the end inclusively. Those created using
 *  <code>...</code> exclude the end value. When used as an iterator,
 *  ranges return each value in the sequence.
 *
 *     (-1..-5).to_a      #=> []
 *     (-5..-1).to_a      #=> [-5, -4, -3, -2, -1]
 *     ('a'..'e').to_a    #=> ["a", "b", "c", "d", "e"]
 *     ('a'...'e').to_a   #=> ["a", "b", "c", "d"]
 *
 *  Ranges can be constructed using objects of any type, as long as the
 *  objects can be compared using their <code><=></code> operator and
 *  they support the <code>succ</code> method to return the next object
 *  in sequence.
 *
 *     class Xs                # represent a string of 'x's
 *       include Comparable
 *       attr :length
 *       def initialize(n)
 *         @length = n
 *       end
 *       def succ
 *         Xs.new(@length + 1)
 *       end
 *       def <=>(other)
 *         @length <=> other.length
 *       end
 *       def to_s
 *         sprintf "%2d #{inspect}", @length
 *       end
 *       def inspect
 *         'x' * @length
 *       end
 *     end
 *
 *     r = Xs.new(3)..Xs.new(6)   #=> xxx..xxxxxx
 *     r.to_a                     #=> [xxx, xxxx, xxxxx, xxxxxx]
 *     r.member?(Xs.new(5))       #=> true
 *
 *  In the previous code example, class <code>Xs</code> includes the
 *  <code>Comparable</code> module. This is because
 *  <code>Enumerable#member?</code> checks for equality using
 *  <code>==</code>. Including <code>Comparable</code> ensures that the
 *  <code>==</code> method is defined in terms of the <code><=></code>
 *  method implemented in <code>Xs</code>.
 *
 */

void
Init_Range(void)
{
#undef rb_intern
#define rb_intern(str) rb_intern_const(str)

    id_cmp = rb_intern("<=>");
    id_succ = rb_intern("succ");
    id_beg = rb_intern("begin");
    id_end = rb_intern("end");
    id_excl = rb_intern("excl");

    rb_cRange = rb_struct_define_without_accessor(
        "Range", rb_cObject, range_alloc,
        "begin", "end", "excl", NULL);

    rb_include_module(rb_cRange, rb_mEnumerable);
    rb_marshal_define_compat(rb_cRange, rb_cObject, range_dumper, range_loader);
    rb_define_method(rb_cRange, "initialize", range_initialize, -1);
    rb_define_method(rb_cRange, "initialize_copy", range_initialize_copy, 1);
    rb_define_method(rb_cRange, "==", range_eq, 1);
    rb_define_method(rb_cRange, "===", range_eqq, 1);
    rb_define_method(rb_cRange, "eql?", range_eql, 1);
    rb_define_method(rb_cRange, "hash", range_hash, 0);
    rb_define_method(rb_cRange, "each", range_each, 0);
    rb_define_method(rb_cRange, "step", range_step, -1);
    rb_define_method(rb_cRange, "begin", range_begin, 0);
    rb_define_method(rb_cRange, "end", range_end, 0);
    rb_define_method(rb_cRange, "first", range_first, -1);
    rb_define_method(rb_cRange, "last", range_last, -1);
    rb_define_method(rb_cRange, "min", range_min, 0);
    rb_define_method(rb_cRange, "max", range_max, 0);
    rb_define_method(rb_cRange, "to_s", range_to_s, 0);
    rb_define_method(rb_cRange, "inspect", range_inspect, 0);

    rb_define_method(rb_cRange, "exclude_end?", range_exclude_end_p, 0);

    rb_define_method(rb_cRange, "member?", range_include, 1);
    rb_define_method(rb_cRange, "include?", range_include, 1);
    rb_define_method(rb_cRange, "cover?", range_cover, 1);
}